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TIME: Almanac of the 20th Century
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TIME, Almanac of the 20th Century.ISO
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1990
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91
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jul_sep
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0722201.000
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1994-02-27
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<text>
<title>
(Jul. 22, 1991) Gee, Your Car Smells Terrific!
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1991
July 22, 1991 The Colorado
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
BUSINESS, Page 48
ENERGY
Gee, Your Car Smells Terrific!
</hdr><body>
<p>In the race to develop cleaner-burning auto fuels, an old standby
-- gasoline -- is making a surprising comeback
</p>
<p> Ask futurists what most Americans will be putting in the fuel
tanks of their automobiles in the 21st century -- assuming
there are still automobiles, with fuel tanks, in the 21st
century -- and they will probably describe some exotic
combustible derived from wood chips, corn husks or ordinary
seawater. But as the year 2000 gets closer, it seems
increasingly likely, even to ardent environmentalists, that the
real fuel of the 21st century will be a more familiar blend.
"For the foreseeable future," says Bill Sessa, a spokesman for
California's influential Air Resources Board, "the dominant fuel
in this country will be gasoline."
</p>
<p> But not just any gasoline. To meet stringent air-pollution
standards scheduled to take effect over the next few years, oil
companies are racing to make their fossil fuels as pollution
free as the alternatives, chiefly methanol, ethanol and natural
gas. Last week Atlantic Richfield, the eighth largest U.S. oil
company, said it had developed just such a fuel: a
cleaner-burning gasoline that the company claims will cut toxic
emissions nearly 50%.
</p>
<p> If making a better gasoline is so easy, why hasn't anyone
done it before? The simple answer: cleaner fuels are more
expensive. A gallon of ARCO's new gas -- dubbed EC-X, for
Emission Control-Experimental -- will cost about 16 cents more
at the pump than standard gasoline. If ARCO simply passed those
charges on to its customers, they would soon find new places to
refuel. But the Los Angeles-based company knows that California
is about to set new fuel standards that will require all oil
companies in the state to reformulate their gasolines or switch
to alternative fuels. ARCO has no plans to sell EC-X until it
is ordered to meet the new standards, which will take effect in
1996.
</p>
<p> Producing so-called designer gasolines is a matter of
fine-tuning the refining process. Gasoline is a mixture of as
many as 100 carbon-based compounds derived from crude oil by
selectively distilling -- or cracking -- various hydrocarbons.
ARCO's goal was to reduce the concentration of problematic
components, among them cancer-causing benzene and the aromatic
hydrocarbons that react with sunlight to produce ozone. To make
EC-X, the company's chemists changed the mix of their
distillates, adding compounds that cost more to refine.
</p>
<p> The cleaner gas has advantages over rival fuels like
methanol M85, a blend of 15% gasoline and 85% alcohol, which
costs 25 cents to 40 cents more than standard gasoline. Unlike
methanol, a gas like EC-X can be used in any car without
mechanical adjustments or loss of power. As a result, the
development could be the death knell to the massive switchover
to alternative fuels that President Bush was urging as recently
as two years ago. Switching to such fuels as methanol and
natural gas would require retooling the millions of cars built
each year and installing new pumps and tanks at 200,000 U.S.
service stations. It would also end the cozy auto-fuel monopoly
the oil industry has enjoyed for nearly a century.
</p>
<p> While ARCO was first, other formulas may emerge. In fact,
ARCO's announcement seemed timed more to influence hearings of
California's Air Standards Board than to grab market share.
Alternative-fuel enthusiasts are far from giving up their
campaign to wean Americans from gasoline. "What you're seeing
now," says Eric Goldstein, air-quality expert for the Natural
Resources Defense Council, "is early skirmishing in the battle
over how transportation will be powered in the 21st century."
May the best fuel win.
</p>
<p> By Philip Elmer-DeWitt. With reporting by Denise
Carres/Los Angeles
</p>
</body></article>
</text>